Two years into COVID-19, Dr Sunoor Verma reflects on what the pandemic revealed about global health governance, health systems, leadership, WHO, regional cooperation and the unequal relationship between high- and low-income countries.

COVID-19 exposed critical weaknesses in health systems across low-income countries, raising difficult questions about privatisation, public-sector capacity, regulation, transparency and the future of universal health coverage.

The World Health Organization plays a critical role in generating health intelligence, technical guidance and global coordination, but it cannot act as the world’s health “nanny.” This article examines WHO’s role during COVID-19 and why governments, ministries and other organisations must take responsibility for adapting and implementing global health guidance.

Effective crisis communication requires more than government messaging. During COVID-19, governments, private-sector leaders, community organisations, influencers and the public all had a role to play in sharing reliable information and turning it into local action. This article explores how collective communication can strengthen crisis response.